Dr. Mary Shelly s Frankentein And The 1994 Adaptation...

Kaila Mines Professor Star Mary Shelly vs Baranagh Mary Shelly’s â€Å"Frankentein† and the 1994 adaptation of the novel have many similarities and also many differences. Differences focus mainly on death and the similarities focus on the plot structure. The similarities override the differences because the overall plot structure stayed the same. The changes of how people died is one major difference that Branagh had taken away from the original novel. In the book, Victors mother dies from scarlet fever that she has gotten from Elizabeth. As quoted from the book, â€Å"She died calmly, and her countenance expressed affection even in death. I need not describe the feelings of those whose dearest ties are rent by that most irreparable evil, the void that presents itself to the soul, and the despair that is exhibited on the countenance.† In the movie, Victor’s mother dies from childbirth. Victor is far less affected by the death of his mother in the novel than the movie. In the movie he creates Frankenstei n as one of the results of the death of his mother. This is one major difference that is displayed. Within the movie version, another major difference regarding the death of a character is involving Elizabeth, who he then turned into a monster to be a friend for the original creature that Victor had created. When Elizabeth discovered that she was not alive anymore, and how horrendous she thought she portrayed herself and the monster, she killed herself. In the novel, the

The Battle Against Yankee Invaders - 1734 Words

The Battle Against Yankee Invaders Yankee invaders between 1877-1850 subjugated the Southern way of life. The degeneration of liberty begun with the North’s ideology of abolishment of slavery, the election of Abraham Lincoln, the disapproval of sovereign succession, the invasion of the Confederate States of America, and the torment of military districts. Laws unjustly created to suppress the white Southerners. These condemnations lasted for over twenty years. This essay will highlight all of these atrocities, and finally will demonstrate that through all this pain and suffering Southern patriotic dignity remained intact. The war between Mexico was a very easy victory that ended in 1848. After the Mexican-American War, there was an†¦show more content†¦How could Taylor assume where slavery is suitable? In 1850, Henry Clay offered a set of compromises, that included, (1) the admission of California as a free state; (2) the division of the remainder of the Mexican cession into two territories, New Mexico and Utah (formerly Deseret), without federal restrictions on slavery; (3) the settlement of Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute on terms favorable to New Mexico;(4) as an incentive for Texas, an agreement that the federal government would assume the considerable public debt of Texas;(5) the continuance of slavery in the district of Columbia but the abolition of the slave trade there; and (6) a more effective fugitive law (TEV 399). Clay was not able to pursue many individuals to consent with his compromise. Zachary Taylor soon died, and his vice president, Millard Fillmore took office. Fillmore supported Clay’s compromise, and Stephen A. Douglas took over Clay’s position and broke the compromise down to distinct bills. Congress then passed the compromise of 1850, which gave New Mexico and Utah autonomy to choose between free soil and s lavery. California acquired statehood, the disputed boundary between New Mexico and Texas was resolved, and a new slave law that allowed Southerners the right to pursue fugitive slaves in Northern states was passed. The fugitive slave acts performed well until unpatriotic Northerners implemented personal-liberty laws that forbade the use of state jails to

Impacts of Inter-Organizational Collaboration

Questions: 1. Describe the scope of your report (Strategic Fit Analysis of Tesco UK). Give a very brief introduction to the company (outline of history, current market position and strategy. 2. Task A Market Environment Analysis (1000 words): Using appropriate analytical tools, evaluate conditions in the market environment that Tesco occupies. The market environment comprises a combination of the industry itself (the micro environment) and the wider macro environment in which Tesco operates. You should highlight what you consider to be the market environments critical success factors. 3. Task B Resource and Capability Analysis (1000 words): Using appropriate analytical tools, evaluate the internal environment of Tesco, highlighting its Threshold and unique resources, and its core capabilities/competencies. 4. Task C Strategic Fit Analysis (700 words): Using the analysis completed in Tasks A and B, evaluate the strategic fit of Tesco, highlighting how Tescos strengths and weaknesses fit the opportunities and threats in its market environment. ? Answers: Introduction The report shall be critically analyzing the strategic fit of the retailer from UK, the Tesco Plc. Tesco is the largest multi retail brand of UK. The business started in 1919 while the first store was acquired in 1929 at Barnet. Since then the business have grown in volume and its operation complexities have increased too. Across the Globe there are nearly 6750 plus stores that the firm runs and have a manpower of 50, 000 as on March 2014. Today the volume of business has brought 63.5 billion Pounds revenue in 2014 alone. However this volume is comparatively lower to its pre 2011 period foot-fall. This has made the existence tough and competition fierce among the various multi-retail brands of the UK (Tesco plc, 2015). Factors like dis-satisfied customers, little engagement with stakeholders to understand and reciprocate, maintenance of cost leadership strategies are few those have been those are the reasons for the steep decline in volume of Tescos market share while other factors l ike global economic recession, growing consumer awareness and product literacy via Internet are few to name that have hugely contributed in the decline of Tescos market share reduction. The TESCO Market Share Pie Diagram (Source: TheGrocer.co.uk, 2014) The report would venture into the strategies that they are adopting with changes that the business have seen since last five years and devise a strategic fit for the same in the UK market for the coming days. Strategic fit can be explained as the strategy to align organizational and market to keep up the market share it had (Nearly 30%) and be the largest retailer well ahead of its competitors. However, in an oligopolistic market the consumers have the choice to buy from any retailer they wand where the switching cost is low. Tesco competes with Sainsbury, Asda, Adli and Lidl etc. Interestingly the latter brand has increased its market share by 9 % since 2012 with effective use of economy of scale and discount pricing in the UK supermarket retail segment. Furthermore the product offerings of the Tescos shelves would also be taken into account along with consumers perspectives to analyze the way forward. Nevertheless, the market share is still the largest in UK, but the threat comes f rom the growing competition as well as the shift in the e-commerce age retail tendencies among consumers (TheGrocer.co.uk, 2014). Task A: Market Environment Analysis A business operates in a market that is prone to various causes which have direct or indirect effect on the business. These macro-environmental factors of business are dependent on various factors. Likewise the businesses internal operational, interpersonal or mechanical issues would be their micro environments which again have a direct effect on the business and its output. Thus a careful strategizing that is suitable for its viability in both micro and macro environment for sustenance and growth. Stewart (1999) observes, the analysis is a strategic tool for all managers to decide upon their future plans to counter those barriers. The PESTLE study is an important tool in such a measurement of external environment that have direct effect on market conditions and thus the business. PESTEL Analysis: The Macro View Political: The bran of Tesco is also present in other nations out of UK where the up-heal in political ideologies gives a big barrier in those markets. The Geo-Political aspect of the business and its expanse would have an impact on the performance. Again, tax rates, changes in legislation, economic crisis are few political factors along with ease of entry, support from Authorities, stability of the government etc are few Political decision or changes that changes the firms performance. Tesco in the UK market is a stable business in terms of Political stability. Being a democratic nation the long term strategies in keeping in mind the domestic dispositions the strategies can be well forecasted for future strategies of growth of market. Economic: The condition of economy that projects the income of consumer for a particular market is the economic condition of the market and thus the viability of a product in such a market. The future directions, stability are few determinants of the business, those are very much attached with the direction that the business has to progress for its Goal achievements. The market share of nearly 30% of the UK market and is heavily dependent on UK market alone to a large extend. The change of tax rules, cost increase, inflation, accessibility of finance from banking in the market, buying power of consumers are few of those factors that effects the business. It is imperative to understand that the loyalty for a retail brand is much of quality, quantity price dependent. Therefore, the UK market where Tesco operates needs to be taken into account for further business development in UK, while foreign exchange rates for international operations may have a direct impact. The reaction of Tesco towards such external economic activity has made it to focus upon the product value aspect for the consumers. Thus the brand has put its efforts to attract a larger mass by going for Value advertising over priced luxuries items where the motive is to develop campaigns those are economical by using Social media to attract consumers by propagating the value of the goods to people that boosts sales (BBC News, 2015). Social: The social effects on the product value and perception. The culture, beliefs, likes etc of a market shows its social factor, which the business needs to keep in mind for that particular market. If the product or service is not socially acceptable the business is bound to fail in such market. Therefore the changing social beliefs, associations and thus the social outlook for the consumers for the market, targeted. The changing social stance on global warming, healthy food, lesser cholesterol in food, fresh and reliability from products as well as value added services and effective is the key in such social trend management. The organic food, training for people development, consumer- employee scopes, feedback collection etc are being made part of their operations in Tesco. Further in market where the business has to expand it needs to keep the local choices so as to see that the venture adopts all the social aspect in its promotions where the consumers have all the choice to t ake one of those a product of choice. Thus Tesco has to incorporate various items for the multitude of cultural that the brand wishes to attract with product diversification, advisements, culture friendly products that makes the brand go for more diversification, packaging, pricing, flavor etc to attract the larger audience in their future strategies. Technological: The use of technology have changed the way the business is conducted nowadays like the use of internet, e-commerce, robotics, better comfort etc have been well adopted by the retail business. The use of integration have made product tagging, stock maintenance, supply chain, sales integration complete for a more comprehensive managerial control. Again, e-commerce channels are posing challenges too as the producer can reach consumers without intervention of the retailers. Thus the new operation processes are being developed where e-commerce, capacity management, control, purchase, sales are all integrated together. Newer designs via Architecture have been a great addition in consumers shopping experience enhancement. Self help counters too have the same advantage that has helped in reducing manpower cost. The lowering of carbon footprint in the long term as a goal had been a fruitful venture for the business with the aid of technology that too have reduced the cost as we ll as helped the business increase its social appeal (Sundaraman, 2005). Tesco too have adopted them in time to be at par with other competitors. Environmental: The increasing carbon footprint of business is a social concern as well a concern for the business so the objective is to incorporate those processes those yield least labor cost. Thus the decision of Tesco is to reduce its carbon footprint by 50% within 2020. Legal: The legal aspect is the legislative changes in the government. For an example the Food Retailing Commission of UK has given a model code of practice for all retailers so that it helps both consumers about getting a information like change in prices in advance as well as facilitate the business to take necessary steps to implement such changes. The quality standards as well as pricing and value for product are been segregated to ensure that people gets the best of the value for money they pay. The micro and macro business environment of TESCO has been elaborated to access the spaces that business needs to work upon. Task B: Resource and Capacity analysis The resources of a business can be further sub divided into its experience of manpower, financial strength, brand value, recognition, expanse like assets that it uses to be viable and sustainable in a particular market. Nevertheless, the resources are planned with a capacity projection, generally in the planning phase of business. This capacity is the quantum of quality output that the business looks forth to achieve with the maximum utilization of its resources. The capacity is been elaborated as the maximum output that the business can generate with its resources (Loo and Loewen, 2003). The measure of capacity is generally denoted in numerical and units. Packalen (2009) argues that the capacity is dependent upon the efficiency of manpower and machines too where the maintenance of standards and operational excellence enhance the capacity. Thus the capacity management gives the managers a framework of time based output where manpower planning, raw materials, process efficiency are ta ken into account prior to production to achieve the targeted capacity. The capacity and resource planning is thus an integral part of business and the strategies of sales and distribution, raw material planning, shifts are being developed keeping the frame work and its objectivities in mind. However, Hughes (1995) argues that the capacity needs to keep the seasonal demands in mind and prepare likewise. Tesco being a retailer depends upon various sources for its capacity like suppliers, distributors, supply-chain management, sales tracking etc. The business have used the personalized software for its operations developed specifically to integrate all the business departments with each other to have a control and integration among various departments as a part of the operational excellence that they aim to achieve (Wong and Ma, 2013). Hence it is imperative for the business to identify the consumers needs and future demands to effectively measure its competencies and lacunas to further strengthen the strengths while reducing the weaknesses and mitigate the threats, if any. Nevertheless, the process is a managerial exercise where all needs to participate keeping the customer focus. The aspirations of consumers, competitors strategies, trends and the pace of change are few elements those the business takes upon to be competent and stable in a market. Furthermore, Elsom (1999) suggests that the gaps are found in such an exercise which is further mitigated by the management with training and knowledge development and product development, better price, better service delivery to consumers. Since the switching cost is low so the frequency of consumer visiting repeatedly is dependent upon the satisfaction and value that they get from Tesco while shopping. Tesco have employee strength of 500,000 with its 6700 plus stores across the globe. Again, the products sold are of diverse range that caters various income groups thus the prediction is important so is the future demands to build the needed capacity for future deliveries. They have launched Club-cards and discount offers to pull consumers while have also increased consumer focus for feedbacks to do things that generates the best of attraction to build consumer loyalty. The idea of pilling and selling cheap to have economy of scale is now followed by all retailers which the Tesco pioneered (Ketil-Arnulf, 2012). Further the environment is suitably developed to support the operational objectives. Therefore, what to buy, when to buy, at what price and quantity of goods to buy, is forecasted in the process of capacity management. Thus the resource to cater the vast chain, best price identification, quality controls, packaging are all considered in the capacity management with adequate st affing, Standard operating processes, shelf planning, goods storage and display are all part of the resource planning where the base of such calculations are based upon dependent on demand forecast. Product innovation, delivery and distribution with a good pricing strategy with quality guarantee would be the way forward for Tesco to develop its capacity management policies and thus future requirements to cater the consumers and generate value to their purchase experience. The forte for such activity is there in Tesco due to its presence for such a long period. In the words of the management the Clubcard has been introduced to have a steady flow of consumers where the mutual benefits are that consumers gets the best price while the business gets an idea of the inventory that they need to store. The changing business channels like web media, business to consumer direct contact is a concept that the business needs to integrate with. The changing management shall be consumer feedback dependent. Task C: Strategic Fit Analysis The micro environment would need a SWOT analysis that would let the manager identify their strengths and weaknesses and also to identify future opportunities and threats. The vulnerability in the ever changing world, integration of new, molding is the key where SWOT plays a vital role. The integration needs a mutually agreed development where the leaders of change shall defreeze, change and thus freeze the standards of operations. Better services, better experience, and generation of value thus earn loyalty, the singular focus for the brand to keep and further increase its UK market share. Strengths: The strength of Tesco is its expanse all over the nation and its strong brand knowledge among fellow retailers. The economy of scale that the brand can generate is thus many times more than their competitors. Further the huge market share that it enjoys is far larger than its competitors. The economy of scale that the huge retail chain generates is its other strength and likewise its financial performance over others. Weaknesses: The year 2010 on the business has seen the recall of many of its products so that has harmed the brand image. Further the business brands its own products giving the choices to select limited among the consumers. Nevertheless, the diversified or the expanse of the business carries another threat as the control issues due to large distribution have posed challenges those Tesco needs to handle well. The decreasing number of footfall along with UK concentrated strength maybe considered its weaknesses. SWOT Matrix for Tesco in UK market Source: Cityam.com (2012) Opportunities: The focus on Global expansion the brand has launched its e-commerce medium. These have reduced the overall cost resulting in better margins. Again, entering new markets with local joint ventures is what the brand is opting for in the longer run. Threats: The increasing oligopoly and competitiveness of the market have made the threats more strong. The global recession has reduced the disposable income of consumers reducing the buying capacity of the consumers. So the retail as a sector has been in deep muddy waters for some time that is estimated 2.4% of UK economy contraction in 2009 alone. The product recall may be a threat to the image which needs supervision to see such loss of face do not happen. These threats are to be kept in mind for futuristic strategy formulation. Tactical logistics supply chain with innovation and employee development is what that the business needs to manage. A strong foothold in the home market would thus eventually act as an anchor to establish the business as Global. Training needs would be identified; leaders would be developed innovation expression space, using social media as employee voice (Barnes, 2011). The core of Tescos competence lays economy of scales and in its expanse in UK. However, the local players along with other competitors are going pan UK in expanse. Therefore, the people are to be developed along with integrating and innovation. Cost competence has to be the focus as the margin way has kept least space for the business to be idle in terms of a strict monitoring and execution. The training and motivational strategy that keeps the employees be the trust for consumers choices. Push sales, pull sales discounts, below the line benefits on other products for being card holders and loyal. Thus remuneration, work life balance, praise and rewards along with continuous learning team and recommended. The weakness of consumer employee communication gaps, operation standards and policies needs to be very clear to the people working there. The consumer focus and satisfaction is the future while the business would try to get there attraction by customizing and thus retaining them. T he market share maintenance along with increment in volume is the Strategic approach that Tesco has started and to support it all components are been equipped with job related data. Empowering employees, more flexible supervision till it served the business need. Employee voice along with grievance management, career path clarity, security of job, benefits for family are few components that an employee seeks in their employment (AbouAssi and Jo, 2014). Conclusions The business of Tesco has made a strong foothold prior to its European expansion. This has helped the business to utilize its experience in economy of scale where the competition of price becomes major. However, the changing inter-phase of retail transition have made the brand rethink about its strategies from resource point of view. The innovation and e-commerce induction in business are well integrated with training and feedback wise reforms. The threats are being converted to opportunity where the consumer to business relationships are more prominent and close than ever before. Further social media use for promo as well as a platform for employee voice platform is suitably used. However, the threats from local and other multi brand retail is obvious to occur in open economy where the maximum utilization of resources as well as cost control and inventory management have brought in pioneering results. The employee consumer relation is trust based which again is a tool for priority s etting for business. The threats in international market can be mitigated if only Tesco builds its domestic stronghold, strategies and execution for the best of the brand, in the long run, innovation are needed. List of references AbouAssi, K. and Jo, S. (2014). Impacts of Inter-Organizational Collaboration on Nonprofit Human Resource Capacity. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014(1), pp.17074-17074. Anderson Strachan, P. (1996). Managing transformational change: the learning organization and teamworking. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 2(2), pp.32-40. Barnes, R. (2011). The great Tesco beauty gamble (the Tesco supermarket chains marketing strategy for breaking into the UK beauty services market). Strategic Direction, 27(7). Bates, T. and Sangra, A. (2011). Managing technology in higher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. BBC News, (2015). Tesco turns stale as competitors freshen up ideas - BBC News. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-29310445 [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. Cityam.com, (2014). Tesco loses market share. [online] Available at: https://www.cityam.com/1409129242/tesco-loses-market-share-aldi-and-lidl-continue-uk-assault [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. Elsom, D. (1999). Development and Implementation of Strategic Frameworks for Air Quality Management in the UK and the European Community. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 42(1), pp.103-121. Sundaraman, M,N. (2005) Executive summary: Strategic intent in the management of the green environment within SMEs: an analysis of the UK screen-printing sector. Long Range Planning, 38(2), p.119. Hughes, W. (1995) Valuing Information in Decision Making Under Uncertainty. Australian Journal of Management, 20(1), pp.105-114. Ketil Arnulf, J. (2012) Organizational change capacity and composition of management teams. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 18(7/8), pp.433-454. Lengnick-Hall, C., Beck, T. and Lengnick-Hall, M. (2011) Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 21(3), pp.243-255. Loo, R. and Loewen, P. (2003) The typology of self managed teams based upon team climate: examining stability and change in typologies. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 9(3/4), pp.59-68. Packalen, M. (2009). Market Share Exclusion. 12(2) SSRN Journal. Stewart, J. (1999) Some Things Never Change: It Takes a Team. Design Management Journal (Former Series), 10(3), pp.25-29. Strategic planning and management. (1992). Long Range Planning, 25(2), p.127. Tesco plc, (2015). Tesco plc. [online] Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=656 [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. TheGrocer.co.uk, (2014). Tesco to face further competition for market share. [online] Available at: https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/channels/supermarkets/tesco/tesco-to-face-further-competition-for-market-share/356637.article [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. Thomas, H., O'Neal, D. and Kelly, J. (1995). Strategic renaissance and business transformation. Chichester, England: J. Wiley. Wong, W. and Ma, T. (2013). Emerging technologies for information systems, computing, and management. New York, NY: Springer

The National Youth Service Corps Schemes in Nigeria

Introduction The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) which requires companies to treat all their stakeholders in an ethical and socially responsible manner has gained primacy all over the world in the course of the last two decades. Today, companies are expected to behave responsibly and the number of CSR initiatives has risen significantly as companies seek to become more competitive and foster greater social cohesion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The National Youth Service Corps Schemes in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Emphasize on CSR has been due to the realization that corporate responsibility is necessary if a corporation wants to increase its chances of succeeding. A less known concept is that of National Social Responsibility (NSR) which explores how a nation treats its stakeholders (citizens) in a responsible manner. Jawahir and Hopkins (2008) lament that while CSR has been imp lemented aggressively in many countries; most nation states lack social responsibility programs for their citizens who are the key stakeholders of the state. In spite of the poor results in NSR by many states, there have been some NSR programs which have shown great success. An example of this is the National Youth Service Corps Schemes (NYSC) which is a Nigerian national youth programme that lasts for one year. While the NYSC was originally created as a Peace Keeping initiative, the program has become an instrument of making the youth more socially responsible. This paper will set out to illustrate the similarities between CSR and the national youth service initiative in Nigeria so as to demonstrate that the NYSC is a successful model of how corporate social responsibility can go national. Snapshot of Nigeria Nigeria is a developing country in Africa and it is ranked as the most populous nation in the continent. Elaigwu (2008) documents that â€Å"Nigeria has a total area of 932,7 68 square kilometers and boasts of a population of about 130 million people, as well as a population growth rate of 2.6 percent† (p.1). It is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse countries (with over 300 identifiable ethnic groups and over 400 lingo-cultural groups) and this communal heterogeneity makes governance a complex affair. The official language of the country is English but the languages of the three large ethno linguistic groups; the Hausa, Yoruba, and the Igbo, make up the major languages of the Nigerian people.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are three major religions in Nigeria: Islam, Christianity and African Traditional Religion. Of the three religions, the African Traditional Religion is the oldest one and it is also the religion that has suffered the greatest loss of followers as Nigerians move to the other two predominant religions. An important feature of Nigeria is that it is a federation of a number of states. This federation was established by the British colonial rulers in 1954 and it has survived intact up to date. Elaigwu (2008) notes that this federation of previously independent states was not the result of voluntary union or contract between the states but rather an imposition by the British colonial rulers. While the federal system was introduced in 1954, the various states maintained a lot of autonomy and this only increased after independence due to the mutual suspicions and fears that existed among ethnic groups (Elaigwu, 2008). Nigeria has had a turbulent history after it attained independence from Britain. The country gained its independence from Britain in 1960 and a government was formed with Nnamdi Azikiwe being the first president of the country. The post of president was largely ceremonial and the real power was wielded by the prime minister who was Abubakar Tafawa. While most other African co untries had years of relative peace following independence from their respective colonial masters, Nigeria’s independence was followed by civil wars which were sparked by a number of reasons. From the onset, there existed rivalry and suspicion among the major ethnic groups: Hausa-Fulani in the north, the Yoruba in the west and the Ibo in the east. Abubakar’s rule was marred by great corruption and inefficiency in delivery of services to the county’s population. Opposition to this corrupt and ineffective government led to a coup in 1966 which resulted in the ousting of the first president of Nigeria. A counter-coup closely followed this and Colonel Yakuba Gowon took leadership. Due to the huge militarization of the country that followed these coups, there was a secession attempt by the Eastern Nigeria region and this sparked a civil war in 1967. The war ended in 1970 having caused the death of up to 3 million people and greatly damaged the infrastructure of the y oung nation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The National Youth Service Corps Schemes in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though the federal government of Nigeria won the war, it realized that for peace to prevail in the multi-ethnic and multi-religious country, unity had to be achieved among the various constituent parts of the state. Achieving nationwide unity in Nigeria was going to be hard since the country has many ethnic groups (estimated to be around 375) and there is no common ancestry upon which loyalty for the land could be based. It was therefore recognized that the desired unity and true feelings of loyalty for the state were not going to come about naturally but they could only be achieved through a deliberate social process. National Youth Service Corp. Program The National Youth Service Corp (NYSC) was started in 1973 under the leadership of the military head of state, General Yakubu Gowon. Agumagu, Adesope and Njoku (2006) note that the core objective of the scheme is to instill in the Nigerian youth â€Å"the spirit of selfless service to the community, and emphasize the spirit of oneness and brotherhood of all Nigerians irrespective of cultural or social background† (p.70). The initiative also has unity as a central point to the entire scheme. Agumagu et al. (2006) point out that as a result of the turbulent history experienced by Nigeria since her independence, there is need for unity among the people. The NYSC program is compulsory for all graduates in Nigeria since if it were voluntary in nature, only a few youths would be willing to engage in it and this would hurt the vital goal of enhancing national unity in the highest number of people. The NYSC scheme encourages the youth to serve their nation in whatever capacity they have professional training in (Agumagu, et al., 2006). All corps members are expected to make positive contributions to the com munities where they are serving. The reason why the youth were targeted by the state as agents of change is because this group is uniquely placed to influence the society. The youth are a unique group who possess potent energies that can be channeled into meaningful activities for the purpose of national development.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Obadare (2005) notes that the potency of youth as a social category in African has been trivialized and over-simplified due to the negative connotation attached to the term â€Å"youth† in Africa. The term African youth has come to be a metaphor for violence, crime, and struggling in the continent. This overgeneralization overshadows the reality that the youth can be engaged in peaceful social processes and serve important roles in advancing the prosperity of a nation. The scheme is made up of four phases which are undertaken in a sequential manner. The first phase is mobilization where the corps members are posted to the various stations where they will serve. In order to achieve the objective of forging unity and inter-ethnic understanding, members of the NYSC are required to serve in states far away from their own home state so that they can learn the ways of life of culturally different Nigerians. Being posted in other states also helps to get rid of stereotypical views t hat the individual might have had concerning other ethnic groups and a more liberal outlook is adopted by the corps member (Agumagu et al., 2006). The oriental phase takes two-weeks during which the corps members are initiated into the details of the program. The orientation phase is designed to provide the new corps members with a proper understanding of the goals of the program as well as the ideals that are held by the NYSC. The first part of the orientation consists of citizenship and leadership training during which the corps members engage in drill and non-drill activities (Agumagu et al., 2006). The non-drill activities include a series of lectures on history, politics, and administration and the activities are aimed at increasing knowledge of the corps members in their national heritage. The drill activities are conducted by Army officials and they include survival techniques, parading, uniform, and discipline. The third phase consists of primary assignments and each of the corps members is required to perform his national service in the area where he/she has been deployed. The service provided is normally of a specialized nature and the corps member is placed in a field relevant to his academic qualification. The final stage consists of winding up activities (both the primary assignments and community development services) and a final passing out parade during which corps members are awarded with certificates (Agumagu et al., 2006). A graduate in Nigeria is only eligible for legal employment after they have acquired this certificate which acts as proof that they have successfully completed the NYSC program. While the need for the NYSC was acknowledged by the political leaders and the youths of Nigeria, the initial reaction to the NYSC scheme was not favorable and there was widespread opposition to the program by many students. This opposition which mostly emerged from the university students was because the students had not been involved in the develo pment of the program and there was little attempt by the government to promote the ideals of the scheme to the population. However, the scheme came to be accepted by the youth and it has been running successfully for the past 29 years. Literature Review From its conception, the NYSC had political motivations and the government of Nigeria hoped to advance some values using the program. The government had witnessed a breakdown in relations between people of differing ethnic groups and a civil war which led to immense losses for many Nigerians. For the nation to succeed in future, plans had to be put in place to foster reconciliation and promote peace and unity in the country and the NYSC purported to fulfill this objectives (Agumagu et al., 2006). In a similar manner, CSR acknowledges the political realities in the environment the company exists and stays in tune with sociopolitical movements for social equity and justice. As such, CSR is influenced by the political environment and so me of the activities implemented are politically motivated. In establishing the NYSC, the government was admitting that it needed the input of the youth so as to fulfill the goals of development and unity (Agumagu et al., 2006). This admission is based on the reality that the state has an intimate connection with its citizens and the manner in which it carries out its activities will influence the actions of these stakeholders. Similarly, CSR is emphasized upon due to the interdependence between corporations and the society and from the acknowledgement that the organization’s activities will have an impact which may lead to positive or negative consequences within the community. A core goal of the NYSC is to encourage self-reliance in the Nigerian youths. NYSC aims to foster the spirit of entrepreneurship in corps members and therefore enable them to become self-employed once they are through with the program. This deemphasize on dependency on public service employment is cru cial in Nigeria where the number of employment candidates far outweighs the employment opportunities provided by the government and the private sector. CSR initiatives aim to achieve the same results for the community. Kent, Cheney, and Roper (2007) reveal that some CSR programs target unemployed members of the community and help to make them self-reliant and establish their own income generating activities. NSR requires the state to be committed to maintaining a good overall quality of life for its citizens. This requires that resources be dedicated to communities which are poor in order to promote a rise in the living standards. In Nigeria communities, especially in the rural areas, suffer from a dire lack of skilled labor which is needed to achieve optimal results in food production and industry. The NYSC program helps to alleviate this problem by sending skilled candidates to these areas (Agumagu et al., 2006). The knowledge and skills of these skilled members of the corps is ha rnessed and used to achieve favorable outcomes such as food production, economic recovery and industry development in impoverished regions. Some of the CSR strategies implemented by companies also aim to improve the lives of the community members. Kent et al. (2007) reveals that in some rural areas, companies implement water and sanitation programs that program help to deliver clean water to the community therefore improving their quality of life. CSR promotes cultural awareness which is a necessity for many companies as they serve increasingly diverse cultural groups. The NYSC promotes cultural integration through the youth. This is achieved since the program requires that each corps member serve in a state different from his/her state of origin. The youth are therefore exposed to cultures and traditions that may be significantly different from their own. This exposure to different cultures leads to an appreciation for the other people’s ways of life. Without exposure to oth er cultures, a person may see their culture as the only â€Å"right one† and the rigid stance will lead to poor relationships. The NYSC forces individuals to experience other cultures and this leads to an accommodative outlook since the individual appreciates that different people have different ways of doing things. The NYSC scheme does not only influence the opinion of the corps members but also their immediate relations. Obadare (2005) points out that the parents and relations of corps members acquire an interest about the specific area where their kin is posted. This forces the relatives to â€Å"think national† and therefore fosters a national consciousness and integration. A key positive outcome of many CSR programs is to empower community members. This empowerment may be achieved through training and seminars where individuals are equipped with knowledge and life skills that help them to become productive members of the society. The NYSC has also achieved this g oal of empowering corps members and the community at large. Agumagu et al. (2006) asserts that corps members develop a high level of self confidence as a result of their engagement in the program. The community members are also empowered through the teaching services that are provided by corps members. In addition to this, the national service increases the awareness of the participants of the needs of others. NYSC gives the state an opportunity to add value to its citizens by instilling professional knowledge to the youths. As has been noted, the programme is meant for graduates of tertiary institutions and a majority of these graduates possess little or no work experience. Agumagu et al. (2006) reveal that NYSC provides on-the-job training and experience for corps members therefore increasing their professional value. Individuals who have gone through the program gain important work experience which makes it easier for them to get gainful employment after they have completed their year of service. The NYSC scheme leads to a formation of a positive attitude towards community development service as the members engage with the community. The NYSC promotes the kind of service described by Sherraden (2001) as â€Å"an organized period of substantial engagement and contribution to the local, national, or world community, recognized and valued by society, with minima; monetary compensation to the participant† (p.2). This service provided by the youth meets certain human needs and promotes the development of the community. Agumagu et al. (2006) states that as corps members attend various community development service sessions, individual members see the need to be more committed. The members are enthusiastic as they share ideas and discuss how they should act in order to bring about progress in the community they are serving. CSR also promotes community service since the companies are expected to engage in community development projects without any compensati on. NSR can be used to obtain a positive influence on citizenship. This is the case with the NYSC where some explicit ideals are instilled in the members of the corps during their service. An objective of the program is to impart a right attitude, good values, and enhance the development of good qualities in the youths of Nigeria. The service that the youth are obligated to support promotes good citizenship which helps in the development of the nation. This is similar to CSR which aims to present the company in a positive light to the public. Kent et al. (2007) reveal that while CSR has emerged as a strategic process that is beneficial to the society, the primary concern of this strategic process is managing the image of corporations and countering any real or potential criticism of the social impacts of profit-driven businesses on the lives and values of people. The companies therefore undertake image management through a guided philanthropy which is quickly publicized to the commu nity that counts therefore raising the standing of the company. The same can be said for NYSC which was entrenched in the constitution of the country as a â€Å"national interest† as perceived by the military regime of the time. CSR aims to address the particular social problem of social exclusion which is where some individuals or groups lack access to rights and benefits that are fundamental to other members of the community. CSR helps to alleviate this problem though implementations of programs which help enhance the social inclusion. Companies can also take up greater advocacy for sufficient social changes so as to foster social inclusion and therefore benefit the previously marginalized groups (Agumagu et al., 2006). The NYSC also promotes social inclusion through the interaction among corps members and with the communities. Through interaction among the corps members, graduates hailing from varied ethno-cultural groups are able to appreciate the similarities existing be tween their cultures. Interaction with the communities leads to a reduction in ethnic chauvinism and the graduates are able to develop healthy attitudes towards groups that were otherwise excluded. A key goal of all corporate social responsibility initiatives is to bring about positive changes to the communities that the company interacts with. Arguably the most frequently mentioned vision statement in the corporate social responsibility plan of many organizations is to give back to society. CSR therefore involves giving to the community without expecting any repayment for the services rendered. The NYSC also applies the same philosophy since the corps members are expected to offer services to their nation without expecting repayments for the actions. The then Nigerian Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon, best articulated the mandate of the NYSC at the formal inauguration of the NYSC Directorate in June 1973 as; mobilizing the youths and preparing them to â€Å"offer willingly and without asking for return, their best in the service of their nation at all times† (Obadare, 2005, p.14). The corps members are supposed to learn about the higher ideals of service to the community beyond the thought of reward as they serve their nation for no payment. Most CSR efforts have a number of tangible contributions to the society. For example, some companies build social facilities such as hospitals, schools, and roads for the community that they interact with. Others contribute labor to health care facilities or even homeless shelters. These physical contributions improve the lives of the society and also increase the wellbeing of the community members. The NYSC scheme also brings about some tangible benefits to the various stations where the corps members are deployed. These contributions are mostly in the form of skilled manpower supply and in the education sector where a majority of the corps members serve in (Agumagu et al., 2006). The program members also make a contribution to the rural infrastructure and health care delivery therefore greatly benefiting members of the community. While most urban areas have the necessary skilled labor force, the rural areas suffer from a shortage of skilled workers. The NYSC assists in tackling this skilled manpower issue since the graduates who possess technical knowledge are posted in the areas where the skilled manpower is needed but lacking. A significant outcome of NYSC is that it has served as the main source of teachers and doctors in rural communities therefore contributing to the welfare of people in these areas. The NYSC stresses on sustainability and it teaches the corps members to protect the nation’s environment and natural resources. This is because sustainable development is critical to the overall long-term well being of the society and it is a core objective for many governments (Sherraden, 2001). For any development to be regarded as sustainable, it has to meet the needs of the p resent without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. CSR initiatives take this into consideration and all possible measures are made to use resources in a responsible manner. Criticism of NYSC While the NYSC has achieved many successes in its role as a national social responsibility strategy, the program is criticized for a number of reasons. To begin with, the success of NYSC in achieving its core goals of promoting unity, patriotism and citizenship values has been questioned considering the high levels of ethno-religious intolerance and uncivil behavior that has been carried out by the youth and the rest of the population in Nigeria. The effectiveness of some of the stages of the scheme is also below standard. Corps members reveal that the community development initiative of the NYSC which is aimed at enhancing community service and instilling values of selfless service to the nation is mostly a failure. This is because the initiative suffers from inadequate funding which makes it impossible for the corps members to carry out non-trivial projects in service to the community. Further compounding the problem is the fact that there lacks adequate supervision by the NYSC officials which has made the community development day for many corps members â€Å"a weekly holiday, another day for meetings and socialization by corps members†(Obadare, 2005, p.36). Another criticism to the program is that it fails to sustain the values of selflessness and an emphasis on unity in the corps members. Research on the success of the NYSC revealed that a while a significantly high number of serving corps members had a positive opinion about the scheme (86.7%), the proportion of former corps members who had positive opinions about the program was lower (70%) (Obadare, 2005). From these findings, it would appear that while the program instilled values in the corps members, the same values are easily eroded. However, this might not be a proble m with the NYSC scheme but rather with the overall society which makes it hard for the former corps members to live by the ideals inculcated during their year of service. Discussion Social responsibility has become an indispensable component for both corporations and nation states since it has not only social but economic consequences. This paper has provided a discussion of the NYSC in Nigeria and how it serves as a National Social Responsibility program. The National Youth Service Corps has been in operation since 1973 and the scheme has been instrumental in promoting service to the nation by the youths. The need for unity in Nigeria cannot be over emphasized considering the upsurge in inter-faith clashes that the country has experienced in the previous years. As a result of being exposed to this program, corps members are actively involved in the community development services and have a positive attitude towards community service. The whole community has benefited since the yout h are more willing to play their part in national development. As with many other national service programs in the continent, the NYSC was designed to mobilize young people for national development and foster peace and unity in Nigeria. The program has been able to bridge the gap that exists between the different peoples of the nation and therefore enhance unity and peaceful co-existence in Nigeria. The NYSC as a National Social Responsibility has some major advantages over CSR. Kent et al. (2007) states that CSR sometimes fails to work as well as it could due to the voluntary nature of CSR. The CSR targets set by companies are therefore not always met since there is no binding obligation for the company to achieve these objectives. The regulations set to govern the CSR can also be changed as the company deems appropriate and not all companies will be willing to incur extra expenses in the name of CSR. In contrast to this, the NYSC program is compulsory for all graduates in Nigeria and the graduates cannot be legally employed until they have served they have completed their one year of service and have a certificate to attest to this. The scheme is therefore able to meet its targets since there is a binding obligation for the corps members to engage in the activities assigned to them. In spite of the criticism that the NYSC has faced, a majority of serving corps members and alumni of the program argue for the continued existence of the program. These points to the relevance of the program in promoting advancing its core objectives of national integration and peace as well as acting as a platform for national social responsibility. Just like CSR strategies give companies competitive advantages, NSR can give a nation advantages by promoting innovation and economic growth by the nations citizens. Conclusion This paper set out to demonstrate how the NYSC scheme in Nigeria acts as a CSR program on a national level. The paper has demonstrated that while CSR is often associated with businesses, NSR emulates some of the philosophies of CSR albeit at a national level. This paper has underscored the importance of the NYSC scheme in Nigeria and the role that this scheme has played in fostering unity and also bringing about community development. The program has had significant success in promoting national integration in the multi-ethnic nation of Nigeria. Moreover, the scheme has inculcated civic ethos and improved the standard of living for a significant number of communities in the rural areas of Nigeria. The NYSC has served as an essential pillar of nation building and how its relevance in the country is still strong even after 29 years of existence. This paper has noted that there are many attributes of the NYSC which are similar to Corporate Social Responsibility. It can therefore be suggested that the NYSC scheme takes CSR to a national level since the program is implemented through the entire country. The NYSC has gone beyond inculcating th e spirit of service and patriotism in the nation’s youth; it has proved to be an adept tool for national social service with many positive results being reaped by the communities and the nation as a whole. References Agumagu, A.C., Adesope, O.M. Njoku, M.C. (2006). Attitude of youth corpers towards the community development service of NYSC in Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Social Research, 6(1), 70-75. Elaigwu, J.I. (2008). The Federal Republic of Nigeria. NY: International Association of Centers for federal Studies. Jawahir, A. Hopkins, M. (2008). National social responsibility (NSR) and nation states. Web. Kent, S., Cheney, G., Roper, J. (2007). The Debate over corporate social responsibility. Cambridge: Oxford University Press. Obadare, E. (2005). Statism, Youth and the Civic Imagination: A Critical Study of the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) Programme in Nigeria. St Louis: Center for Social Development. Sherraden, Michael (2001). Civic Service: Issues, Outloo k, Institution Building (CSD Perspective). St Louis, Center for Social Development. This essay on The National Youth Service Corps Schemes in Nigeria was written and submitted by user Cailyn Lee to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Robert Lewis Stevenson free essay sample

The most prominent literally devise used by Stevenson to create curiosity is the many narratives in the novella by different characters. Although most of the story is told from Mr. Utterson’s point of view (a lawyer and main figure), key parts of the story are told from Dr. Lanyon (friend of Mr. Utterson and Dr. Jekyll) and the ending by Dr. Jekyll (creator of the â€Å"personality-switch† potion and consequently Mr. Hyde). Furthermore, each narrative is transmitted to the reader by different media, such as story-telling, speech and letters. This means that the reader doesn’t just get one point of view of the events, but rather three, each of a different one. This makes the reader curious as to what each narrator will reveal about the happenings in the story and creates much intrigue. A second major devise used in the novella is character. The figure of Mr. Hyde and his secret identity is constantly chased by the main character (Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Lewis Stevenson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Utterson) and is related to all important events in the story (from Dr. Jekyll’s will to Sir Danver’s murder). The reader is never properly described the outer appearance of Hyde since all the information resealed about him comes from second hands, â€Å"he is an extraordinary looking man†¦ I can’t describe him† (page 15). Furthermore the strange connection between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (the protege of Dr. Jekyll) intrigues the reader even further, since Jekyll is regarded as a respectable man and Hyde a despicable one and Hyde’s strange disappearances seem to be connected to that of Dr. Jekyll, who claims to be â€Å"ill† though the reader finds out later he is not. Yet it is also through the use of contrasting imagery that Stevenson achieves intrigue in his novella. The main contrast is in the use of that of dark and light imagery, which is mainly present in the two â€Å"personalities† of Dr. Jekyll, the â€Å"good side†, himself, and his â€Å"bad side†, Mr. Hyde. The nature of both this characters’ actions varie from each other since Jekyll is portrayed as doing only good, â€Å"whilst he had always been known for charities, he was now no less distinguished for religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 40), whereas Hyde for evil, â€Å"the man trampled calmly over the child’s body and left her screaming on the ground†. Although Jekyll and Hyde are two separate identities and so therefore their actions, they do share one body, which challenges the reader and intrigues him as to how such thing is possible. However not only are literally devises used to create great curiosity by Stevenson, but also the very plot itself. Throughout the novella, many unanswered questions are left open until the very end of the story (â€Å"Henry Jekyll’s full Statement of the Case†), which the reader keeps asking himself throughout the novel. Questions such as â€Å"Who is Mr. Hyde? †, â€Å"How is Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde connected? † and later â€Å"What is Dr. Jekyll hiding? † are constantly asked by the reader since they make the base for the plot. This makes the reader constantly curious and challenged, making him want to read further on to find out the answers. Throughout the novella â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde†, Stevenson achieves great intrigue and curiosity on the reader’s part by using not only literally devises such as character and imagery, but also through media, such as narrative and rhetorical questions as well. It is through these that the novel manages to catch the reader’s immediate attention and make him want to keep on reading till the very end of the book.

Turn Over Rate For The Texas Retail Industry

Turn Over Rate For The Texas Retail Industry Describe HypothesisThe Texas economy relies on the retail industry is a vibrant part of the Texas economy. The Texas retail turnover rate has also affected the economy through seasonal employment. The turnover rate is important as companies spend a tremendous amount of money training new employees. The mean turnover rate for the Texas retail industry is 13%. The null hypothesis is the turnover rate for the Texas retail industry is 13%. The alternate hypothesis is the turnover rate is not equal to 13%.Formulation of Numerical and Verbal HypothesisHo: ÂŽÂ ¼ = 13 %H1: ÂŽÂ ¼  ¢Ã‚‰ 13 %Level of significance, a=.01The null hypothesis is the mean is not different from 13%, but equals to 13%. The alternate hypothesis is the mean is not equal to 13%. The level of significance is .01, which is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis. The level of significance, which is alpha, equals .01.English: Galton Box (demonstrates normal distribut...Performance of the Five-Step Hypoth esis TestThe first step in hypothesis testing is to establish the null (Ho) and the alternate hypothesis (H1). The hypothesis that the group affirms is that there is average turnover rate of 13% in the Texas retail industry. The null hypothesis is the population mean is 13%. The alternate hypothesis is ‚“The mean is different from 13% or the mean is not 13%. Both hypotheses are written:Ho: ÂŽÂ ¼ = 13 %H1: ÂŽÂ ¼  ¢Ã‚‰ 13 %This is a two-tailed test because the group thought that a one-tailed test was not needed. The group also thought there was no need to state a direction, which would then make a one-tailed the most appropriate testing method. The next measure is to select a significance level. There is not one level of significance that can be applied to all tests. Most often, the .05 level is selected for consumer...

Democracy and human rights in asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Democracy and human rights in asia - Essay Example As far Asian and Western culture is concerned, it can be studied in two ways along wise that is dogmatic or communal (Bell, 2000, pg. 67). If one has to pen down the social uplifts in both these cultures, then morally and ethically Western culture is far behind in moral norms as compared to Asian averages. West has by far with an approach being not keeping abreast of religious medians in political implementations. Religious medians are more expressive and demanding regarding the human uplifts and hominid elevations. Although West has totally defined human rights and since by far trying reach the best of its output but the limitations and boundaries set by such Western liberalism is not apprehend able by a nonprofessional. Western democracy is somehow a kind of dictatorship where only those can survive easily who are in relation to those liberal rights designers from the perspective of religion. Western liberal democracy does not render a true platform to followers of a certain minority religion holder to apply their values openly while living in such states. Roseau stated that the big the state is; the more difficult it would be to run it with democracy where rights and thoughts of every person are valued. Asian democracies in political perspectives although not very successful in certain countries of the world but their values for upholding a pure socially upgraded and esteemed are far fruitful than those of Western ones. Liberal democracies are true pictures of autonomy, copious, supremacy, and genuine build-ups. Therefore, simply if these attributes are existed in any democratic state either western or eastern that state would be more appropriate in building up a pure social and human rights building state. Asian democratic sates are individual value based set ups with power of legitimate enactments. There is a conflict in human rights and societies dimensions in both cultures because as far the individual is satisfied and pro-active the more that society

Making reference to appropriate human rights provisions, critically Essay

Making reference to appropriate human rights provisions, critically discuss to what extent the legal definition of the family has developed - Essay Example In order to maintain these rights in an effective manner, every nation should formulate certain laws and rules that ensure the well-being of its citizens. In the present scenario, we find a tremendous growth of population and it is very essential to make reconsiderations of the strategies that are adopted to maintain human rights. Lack of mutual understandings among people is, in some cases, the reason for the distress faced by them. The provisions of human rights are very essential for the existence of the framed laws and regulations. â€Å"The promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms must be considered as a priority objective of the United Nations, in accordance with its purposes and principles, in particular with the purpose of international cooperation. In the framework of these purposes and principles, the promotion and protection of all human rights is a legitimate concern of the international community. The international community must treat human rights globally, in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing, and with the same emphasis. The Platform for Action reaffirms the importance of ensuring the universality, objectivity and non-selectivity of the consideration of human rights issues†. (The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women 2005). It is necessary that all people fulfill their appropriate responsibilities and obligation, for the purpose of protecting the fundamental human rights in a most effective manner. More importantly, the appropriate provisions of human rights are also taken in to consideration about the code of conduct and other ethical principles. The adequate norms and policies of human rights are properly maintained by the political and legal enactments of various countries. Human rights of a person include personal freedom, economic, cultural and social freedom, equality etc. As per the legal frame work, every person is treated in an equal manner.

Contracting and Procurement in Project Management College Essay

Contracting and Procurement in Project Management College - Essay Example However, it is also important to understand that the terms of each contract mostly vary from project to project depending upon the requirements of the each project. These terms largely depend upon the preference for quality, economy, flexibility as well as speed with which agreed terms and conditions of the contract can be delivered. Under these contracts, the allowable costs associated with the contract are identified first as these costs would be major costs to make buying and selling on the agreed terms of the contract. All the costs incurred therefore by the sellers are reimbursed by the buyer in the end according to the agreed terms of the contract. This type of contract can be highly risky for the buyer because the total costs associated with the contract always remain uncertain despite they are being identified. Any cost over-runs has to be borne by the buyer if contract terms go awry and does not remain within the control of either the buyer or the seller. However, on the positive side, scope changes in such kind of contracts are easy to make and buyer can do it anytime he wants however, this may increase the total cost of the contract. As discussed above that the cost reimbursable contracts are highly uncertain therefore contractors have very little ambitions or advantage to produce efficiently and productively. However, such kind of contracts helps contractors or sellers to pass on the increasing costs to the buyer. Such types of contracts are used when there is a greater uncertainty associated with the project and are used for projects which involve large investments being made in early part of its life. There are also sub-types of cost reimbursable contracts. These are: 1) Cost plus Fee are contracts where contractors are not only reimbursed of their total cost incurred but also a certain percentage of the overall cost of the contract. The percentages are decided before entering into the contract and are mostly documented in the contract. 2) Cost plus fixed fee are contract where the whole cost is charged back along with certain agreed fixed fee as the contract completion fee. This fixed fee is often considered as the profit of the seller. (contractmanagement.com, 2007). 3) Cost plus incentive is a type of contract where the buyer not only reimburse the total cost to the seller but also provide a certain amount as an incentive fee for exceeding the performance against the agreed contract terms. Such kind of terms may ensure better performance on the part of the seller as it provide them an added incentive to perform and execute the contract in most efficient way. This type f contract can beneficial to both the buyer and the seller if well written and can be a good alternative to the cost reimbursable contract. Fixed Price Contracts Such types of contracts fix a certain specific fee for the goods and services to be rendered before entering

Modernism And Modernisation In Architecture And Culture Philosophy Essay

Modernism And Modernisation In Architecture And Culture Philosophy Essay Discuss the various competing notions of Modernity, Modernism and Modernisation in architecture and culture in the writings of Robert Venturi/Denise Scott Brown using the writings of Michel Foucault and Jà ¼rgen Habermas to support your discussion. Introduction To begin this essay concerned with the issues of Modernity, Modernism and Modernisation, I think it is a necessity to first define the term Modern, as it links all three terms. Modern, according to Jà ¼rgen Habermas, was first used in late fifth century in order to distinguish the Christian present, from the pagan and Roman past. He argues that Modern can be used whenever the awareness of a new era developed in Europe through a change in the relationship to classical antiquity. For us people today, Habermas thinks modern begins with the Renaissance, however people considered themselves as modern in the age of Charlemagne in the twelfth century and in the Enlightenment. (Habermas, 1996). Through this Habermas describes the term modern as one, which can be used widely and has no definitive time period, as the concept behind it is based upon ones (or an eras) perception. Figure Habermas explanation of modern is supported by Vincent Scully, as he explains that Le Corbusiers, a pioneer of Modern architecture, teacher was the Greek temple (Figure 1), consisting of an isolated body, white and free in the landscape, its rigour clear in the sun. Le Corbusier during his early polemics would have his buildings just as the temple, as time went on his architecture began to progressively more and more incorporate the Greek Temples sculptural and heroic character. (Venturi, 1977) Scullys interpretation on the work of Le Corbusier directly, as Corbusier created a new direct relationship with the classical antiquity of Greek Temples. Michel Foucault, according to Barry Smart, takes a slightly different perspective to Habermas and Scullys interpretations of the term modern, he interprets modern as a placeholder when a more definite description is not known. He goes on to explain that the modern (or present) cannot recognise itself as a period and that if you can outline the characteristics that make up a period is to already be beyond it and has become the past. (Smart, 1994). Foucault an interesting insight into the modern, as simply a title giving to that which is unclassifiable , the present, and that once you can classify a time period then it is no longer modern and is the past. Modernity 1.1 Habermas argues that Modernity is an expression that represents the consciousness of an era that relates back to the past of classical antiquity in order understand itself as the movement from the old to the new. What Habermas called the Unfinished Project aims at a distinguishable reconnection of modern culture with an everyday sphere of the theory production process, which is dependent on living heritage. However, the aim of modernity can only be achieved if the process of social modernisation can be transformed into other non-capitalist directions, if the state of the current world is capable of developing institutions of its own way currently withdrawn by the self-ruling system dynamics of the economic and administrative systems. (Habermas, 1994) Venturi explains that Louis Khans or orthodox modern architects desire for simplicity, is satisfactory, when it is made valid through inner complexity. He goes to mention that the Doric Temples (Figure 2) simplicity to the eye is achieved through famous subtleties and precision of its distorted geometry and the contradictions and tensions inherent in its order, so it achieves apparent simplicity through real complexity. (Venturi, 1977). Through this Venturis point links directly to Habermas notion of modernity, as he is relating the new Modern architecture desire for simplicity to the simplicity achieved in the old architecture of the Doric Temple, thereby highlighting a transition from the old to new. Figure Michel Foucault takes a different approach from Habermas as he denotes Modernity as something which is characterised by a combination of power/knowledge relations around the subject of life, a life that is now possible to master through science. He goes on to argue that the human races problem does not only consist of a fear of destruction through chemical or atomic pollution, animal species extinction or depletion of natural resources; the idea that any malicious power could take over technologies for evil purposes, is only a false illusion to hide a genuine metaphysical anxiety that corresponds with the mastery of life. Through this Foucault states that this mastery of life, through science, transforms the living, crushing it. As opposed to turning it into a knowledge base upon which could support us, thus making the living being more and more artificial. (Jose, 1998) Habermas produces a definition of Modernity, which takes a more of social/economical perspective, with his relation between social modernization and capitalism and between the worlds institutions and autonomous economic and administrative systems. On the other hand Foucault takes an approach in which he addresses how important the scientific aspect of modernity is and how it has affected out outlook on life as a whole. Figure According to Habermas, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (Figure 3) was the first philosopher to develop a clear understanding of modernity. With the philosophers that came before him, Hegel located the core of modernity in the principle of subjectivity, which had previously been discussed by Kant, who saw subjectivity as the foundation of science, morality and art fields. Hegel argued that since modernity was based on subjectivity and the power of critical reflection, only philosophical reason could achieve the hoped-for reconciliation and overcome the doubt of modern subjectivity. This interpretation lead to the articulation of Hegels notion of absolute spirit, which is the consuming activity of self-discovery, the unconditionally self-productive self-relation, interceding subjectivity and objectivity, nature and spirit, finitude and infinity. (Habermas, 1996, Pg. 6) Modernity and the Enlightenment David Harvey describes Enlightenment thought as that which embraced the idea of progression and actively wanted that break with history and tradition which modernity adopts. It was a non-religious movement that sought the removal of obscurity and sacredness of knowledge and social organisation in order to free human beings from their chains. (Harvey, 1989). The project of modernity, as referred to by Habermas, came into focus during eighteenth century. This developed an intellectual effort by Enlightenment thinkers to advance in objective science, universal ethics and law, and autonomous art according to their inner logic. The idea behind this was to may use of the knowledge gained by many people working freely and creatively in pursuit of human emancipation and the enrichment of daily life. Harvey denotes Enlightenment thought as a thought process which strives to remove the unease about pursuing knowledge and social organisation so that we can remove the chains in our minds, which prevents us from gaining more knowledge. This links into Habermas, where he touches upon a characteristic of Enlightenment thinking, which is to advance and enrich daily life through the gain of more knowledge. According to Habermas, through opposing the classical and the romantic to each other, modernity wished to create its own past in an idealised vision of the Middle Ages. During the nineteenth century the Romanticism produced a radicalised realisation of modernity that detached itself from all previous historical connections and understood itself solely in abstract opposition to tradition and history as a whole. (Habermas, 1996) I do not agree with this statement as Habermas contradicts himself as he previously denoted modernity as an expression that represents the consciousness of an era that refers back to the past of classical antiquity precisely in order to comprehend itself as the result of a transition from the old to the new. (Habermas,1996, Pg. 39) With reference to this notion, it would impossible for a type of modernity to develop that not have historical connections and abstractly opposed tradition and history entirely. Modernity as an avant-garde The mentality of aesthetic modernity began to form with Charles Pierre Baudelaire and with his theory of art, which had been influenced by Edgar Allan Poe. This unfolded in the avant-garde artistic movements and then achieved its peak with surrealism and the Dadaists of the Cafà © Voltaire. This mentality is characterised by a set of attitudes, which formed around a new transformed consciousness of time, which expresses itself in the spatial metaphor of the avant-garde. This avant-garde explores the unknown, thereby exposing itself to the risk of sudden and shocking encounters, conquering an undetermined future and must find a path for itself in previously unknown domains. (Habermas, 1996) Modernism Modernisation Conclusion Total Word Count:

Of Mice and Men Brotherhood Essay

â€Å"Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place. . . . With us it ain’t like that† (Steinbeck, 15). As we follow Lennie and George on their journey towards what they consider to be the dream life, the audience comes to learn along with the characters that dreams are not all they’re cracked up to be and sometimes the most rewarding goal in life is one which has already been achieved. The two main characters in the book Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck are poor farm workers who hope to one day own their own farm and become self-sufficient. What they never realize is that the most important thing they can ever have is each other. Despite their periodic quarrels, Lennie and George share a connection comparable to that of brothers and a love so profound it ultimately costs Lennie his life, leaving George with the reality he never saw before: that were he not so caught up in a frivolo us endgame, he would have seen that he had already found something worth living for in his large, clumsy companion. George often has a hard time coping with Lennie and the problems his disability causes for the two of them regarding work and living situations. He tells Lennie, â€Å"You can’t keep a job and you lose me ever’ job I get. Jus’ keep me shovin’ all over the country all the time. An’ that ain’t the worst. You get in trouble. You do bad things and I got to get you out. You crazy son-of-a-bitch. You keep me in hot water all the time† (12). George rarely becomes as outwardly upset with Lennie as he is in this instance, but it’s clear in the way he talks to him throughout the book that he is easily frustrated with having to look after someone else all the time, especially someone who needs as much care as Lennie does. Lennie doesn’t seem to fully understand this, or otherwise doesn’t care much because he trusts George to stay with him whatever the trouble they come across. Lennie often settles arguments by insisting, â₠¬Å"I didn’t mean no harm, George.† Though George is aggravated, he usually takes this apology to heart and forgives Lennie, making everything better. At the time that this book is set, people didn’t know very much about mental handicaps or their effects. A common solution, then, for someone with a mental disability would be to put them in an asylum. This fact is what makes  it so clear that George loves Lennie, even if he doesn’t always express it the way in the reader may think he should. When Lennie’s Aunt Clara dies, George makes a promise to her that he will take care of Lennie. However, because Aunt Clara is dead, George has no real obligation. Morally, he may feel guilty, but most characters in his situation would â€Å"take care of Lennie† by handing him off to a professional. Instead of taking this approach, George takes Lennie under his own personal care in order to honor his promise to Aunt Clara and keep a closer watch over him. This is where George’s almost familial love for Lennie first becomes apparent in the story line. Further along in the book, George’s feeling of obliga tion for taking care of Lennie progresses even more. When Candy tells him, â€Å"I ought to of shot that dog myself, George. I shouldn’t ought to of let no stranger shoot my dog† (67), George understands that sometimes the best way to protect someone you love is by hurting them first before anyone else gets the chance to. This exchange between Candy and George is an example of foreshadowing to the end of the book, when George shoots Lennie to save him from the mob of angry workers. It seems to the reader as if George should be doing everything in his power to continue to hide Lennie from the people who want to hurt him, but he realizes that the thing which is hurting Lennie the most is Lennie himself. Just like Candy’s dog, Lennie â€Å"ain’t got nothing left for him† (52) and the best way to protect him from all the bad things in the world is to take him straight out of it. Even after killing Lennie, George has this calm silence about him, a sign of respect and reverence for the man he has spent almost his whole life bonding with and looking after. Even if he never outwardly says it, George loves Lennie like his own family. The closest he ever comes to admitting this fact is right before he shoots Lennie and he consoles him by saying, â€Å"I ain’t mad. I never been mad, an’ I ain’t now. That’s a thing I want ya to know† (117). And despite his seeming ignorance toward the subject, it’s clear that Lennie understands George loves him as much as he has always loved George. The tragedy in this ultimate display of brotherly love is that it comes too little too late. Instead of seeing the good he has in front of him all along, George doesn’t realize until the situation is out of his control just how lucky he was to have Lennie in his company. All he can really see in the  future is his big dream of their own house with lots of farm land and animals to look after, living â€Å"off the fatta the lan’† with no worries or cares. This goal almost seems attainable when Candy mentions all the money he has saved up and George becomes blind-sided by the possibility of his dream coming true so much sooner than he had imagined. In this, he loses sight of what is really important to him, which is Lennie. He forgets how Lennie is and let’s go just long enough for Lennie to get himself into trouble for the very last time. This time, Lennie has actually killed a woman and done something George can’t fix for him and every hope he’s ever had goes out the window with the loss of his best friend and pseudo-brother. â€Å"You hadda, George. I swear you hadda† (18). The irony and tragedy in this observation made by Slim is that while George did ultimately have to shoot Lennie himself in order to save him further suffering, this would not have been the case were he not too caught up in his own foolish daydreams to see life as it was happening around him. I think at the end George fully realizes this. And though Lennie’s death is not entirely his fault, he feels responsible and humbled by the experience. It’s easy for the reader to infer that due to this traumatic experience, it is likely that George will never fully recover and never reach that dream by himself, regardless of his probable hatred of the idea. It is hard for the reader to find it likely that George would still want to pursue this goal without Lennie by his side as he has always been. George has learned too late that the thing he needed the most in life was not independence or personal property or anything material at all, but a friend for life. â€Å"S’pose you didn’t have nobody†¦ A guy needs somebody – to be near him†¦ A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, long as he’s with you. I tell ya† (80). As George and Lennie’s connection becomes more profound throughout the book, the reader has no choice but to also become attached to their relationship. Having a goal is a comforting thought, but when it comes down to it, it really is true that in life, all you need is love.

Baking Soda and Baking Powder

Baking SodaBaking Soda, also known as sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen bicarbonate is an alkali which is a white crystalline however it often appears as a fine powder, its chemical name is NaHCO3. It is used to increase the volume of baked goods. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). (1)Baking PowderBaking Powder is also a dry leavening agent which is a mixture of a weak alkali and a weak acid; it increases the volume and lightens the texture of baked goods. Baking powder works by releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) gas into a batter or dough through an acid-base reaction, causing bubbles in the wet mixture to expand and therefore leavening the mixture.Most commercially available baking powders are made up of an alkaline component (typically sodium bicarbonate also known as baking soda), one or more acid salts(such as cream of tartar), and an inert starch (cornstarch in most cases, though potato starch may also be used). Baking so da is the source of the carbon dioxide, and the acid-base reaction can be generically represented as: NaHCO3 + H+ → Na+ + CO2 + H2O(2)The Difference between Baking Soda and Baking PowderBoth baking soda and baking powder are leavening agents, which means they are added to baked goods before cooking to produce carbon dioxide and cause them to ‘rise'. Baking powder contains baking soda, but the two substances are used under different conditions. Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate. When baking soda is combined with moisture and an acidic ingredient (e.g., yogurt, chocolate, buttermilk, honey), the resulting chemical reaction produces bubbles of carbon dioxide that expand under oven temperatures, causing baked goods to rise. The reaction begins immediately upon mixing the ingredients, so you need to bake recipes which call for baking soda immediately, or else they will fall flat!However Baking Powder contains  sodium bicarbonate, but it includes the acidifying agent a lready (cream of tartar), and also a drying agent (usually starch). Baking powder is available as single-acting baking powder and as double-acting baking powder. Single-acting powders are activated by moisture, so you must bake recipes which include this product immediately after mixing. Double-acting powders react in two phases and can stand for a while before baking. With double-acting powder, some gas is released at room temperature when the powder is added to dough, but the majority of the gas is released after the temperature of the dough increases in the oven.

Differences essays

Differences essays It was a cold January night in Brooklyn. I was helping my father provide a sound system for a Jewish high school play. Normally when one thinks of Jewish people, they think that they are just regular people who instead of going to church go to temple. However there are many different types of Jews. The ones my father and I were working for that night were called Hasidic Jews. Every winter my father would have several bookings of equipment rentals for their high school plays. For a long time, I thought that, besides some noticeable differences, they were the same as my Jewish friends in school, but one night, something weird happened. I was sitting on a box back stage doing my homework. Pops and I had just finished setting up so I had time on my hands to study. While doing my tricky Fifth grade work, I noticed a small Hasidic toddler standing across the way just starring at me. At first, I thought it was just a common behavior of a small person, so not worried in the least bit, I simply stared back at the tiny dude. Surprisingly, our staring contest lasted for a long two minutes. It finally ended when my father walked in and scared the poor kid away. He did see us staring and asked what that was about. I told him what had happened and his explanation for it was kind of strange. He said the boy probably had never been that close to black people in his life. When dad said that, I did not think that was possible; knowing how many black people there are in New York. Then He began to tell me about the Dad had been working with the hasidic community for over twenty years. He said they would usually rent studio time from him in Manhattan. Then eventually, they would ask him to do on location work in other boroughs. After years ...

International Sport Events In The Netherlands Tourism Essays

International Sport Events In The Netherlands Tourism Essays International Sport Events In The Netherlands Tourism Essay International Sport Events In The Netherlands Tourism Essay 1.Introduction Without a successful execution of a superb scheme, it will hold no value. For a superb executing a successful scheme has to be created for every athletics organisation who wants to form such an events as the World Cup Football, Ryder Cup, Olympic Games, World Cup Hockey and Tour de France. The Olympic Games, World Cup Football and the Ryder Cup are the three biggest featuring events in the universe in footings of witness screening ( Tucker, 2007 ) . When a state wants to form such a large athletics event, the forming state has to hold a possible to form such an event and do an offer which can non be refused by the athletics commissions. This paper can added value and assist to supply such an offer which can non be refused. In the Netherlands there are athletics organisations which have the dream to form an event as the RyderCup 2014, World Cup Football 2018 or 2022 and the Olympic Games 2028 in the Netherlands. This paper has to place the most of import factors that have influence on a winning command for those events and do the dream become true. The construct of command on an international athletics event has grown the last decennaries. It has started merely before the Olympics of 1984 ( Los Angeles, USA ) . Such an international athletics event like the Olympics and the World Cup Football can supply the host metropolis and state a batch of benefits, but these are non ever guaranteed ( Meannig and Du Plessis, 2007 ) . For illustration, the Olympics of 1976 ( Montreal, Canada ) resulted in a immense sum of debts. Therefore, the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) was since the Olympics of 1984 more focused on cost efficiency, low-risk and the use of bing substructure. The consequence of this attack was a immense fiscal success for Los Angeles 1984. Besides this, grosss from telecasting rights and sponsorships were increasing so more states were interested in forming such a athletics event ( Shoval, 2002 ) . The organisation of the international athletics events has to present an excellent offer, which exceeds outlook, to the commission by the organisation of the athletics event in the Netherlands. This research has the end to derive an understanding what it takes to win the command of some great sport event by placing the cardinal success factors of the command procedure. The research on this subject had an international focal point so there is no article of all time written on Dutch athletics event command. Therefore, this subject is really interesting for carry oning research. 1.1 Research inquiries To form such an event, an initial missive has to be written to the commission of the athletics event. With the dorsum of the Dutch Government they have to compose a missive of purpose to do the command functionary. Within this missive, the organisation will depict their program of action and why the event has to be in the Netherlands. With the deficiency of research on event command in the Netherlands, this research will concentrate on the apprehension of what it takes to win the command for an international athletics event by placing the cardinal success factors of the biding procedure. In this research, the most of import cardinal success factors will be identified and what the influence on the winning command will be. The inquiry of this research will be stated as followed: What are the indispensable factors and how can these be incorporated to make a winning command for an international athletics event in the Netherlands? 1.2 Sub inquiries I have divided the research inquiry in the undermentioned sub-questions: i‚Â · What are the advantages and this advantages of forming an international athletics event in the Netherlands? i‚Â · What are the stairss involved in the command procedure of an international athletics event? i‚Â · What are success factors for winning event commands by and large and within the Nederlands? i‚Â · What are the past experiences of implementing a command for an international athletics event in The Netherlands? 1.3 Command on major athletics events The growing of commercialisation in athletics has been significantly increased the last decennaries. International athletics events are really interesting for host economic systems, companies and athletics organisations ( Slack, 1998 ) . This is non merely because of economic benefit but every bit good for societal and political benefits ( Swart and Bob, 2004 ) . The complexness and benefits for hosting such a athletics event are grounds why athletics events are presently capable to a command procedure. The commands of the host states are presented to the boards and commissions for blessing ( e.g. IOC, FIFA, UEFA and RyderCup ) . The commissions of those major athletics events organize a competitory auction in the signifier of commands by possible host states to maximise the gross from the rights to form an major athletics event. This command procedure can be seen as a monopolizer confronting a competitory groups of bidders were three parties are able to pull out much of the fiscal benefit of hosting the athletics event from the command states. The athletics commissions sign a contract with the host state that regulates the flow of benefits associated with the athletics event. Hosting an international athletics event can be seen in an economical point of position as a right, which the host state buys from the athletics commissions ( Maenning and Du Plessis, 2007 ) 1.4 Model of the command procedure Offering on an international athletics event can be visualized in a conceptual theoretical account ( figure 1 ) . This theoretical account shows the relationships with different elements taken into contemplation that have impact on the mark of the thesis. The theoretical account shows the factors that are of import and of influence on a command procedure for an international athletics event. 1.5 Relevance In this Master thesis the research worker have tried to acquire more cognition on the indispensable factors to make a winning command on an international athletics event in the Netherlands. To make a winning command a big fiscal investing is needed but hosting an international athletics event can convey tremendous benefits. This is the ground why the figure of bidders is increasing tremendously. Due this fact, this specific research on the indispensable factors for hosting an international event can be of added value for the event bidder. Besides, on the subject on event command is really small known. The relevancy of this research could be of influence on the determination shapers for coming bid book shapers for hosting an international athletics event in the Netherlands. 2. Research Methodology 2.1 Introduction This chapter outlines the research methodological analysis used for this Master thesis. It will do clear which types of informations have been used and more significantly why. Furthermore, it should do clear how the analyses have been conducted and where the decisions are based on. 2.2 Research design To reply the research inquiry, this chapter should do clear how the research have been conducted the analysis and were the decision are based on. The information for this study consist out of primary and secondary informations. The primary information is collected by qualitative interviews with experts in the field of international athletics events or command procedures. Qualitative attack is taken, because more practical penetrations into a command procedure can be taken. This is non possible when the research is conducted merely via qualitative informations. The secondary informations comes from theoretical cognition, which is available. The secondary informations can been found through literature from diaries, books and research studies. Most of this information is related to international athletics events and non to feature events in the Netherlands. Besides this, a good reply on the research inquiry can be reached through the information from international athletics events. The combination of primary and secondary informations can be used to reply the research inquiry and the sub inquiries. First, the sub inquiries will be answered which will take automatically to the reply of the chief inquiry. At the terminal, the consequences of the primary and secondary day of the month will be combined the come up with decisions and recommendations. 2.3 Interviews Qualitative interviews will be used for the primary informations. First of wholly, the inquiry list was set up. This list contains more than 20 inquiries, divided into different subjects with extra inquiries. These inquiries were based on the sub inquiries of the thesis. Before the interview, the chief subjects of the interview will be explained by a short debut. This, to give the interviewee a short indicant were the research worker is looking for and do them comfy with the interview. The interviewee was asked about his map and the engagement of the company/government into athletics events and about the added value for athletics events in the Netherlands. The command procedure is taken to research how the command procedure is set up, who is involved and what the chief phases are. The 2nd subject of the interview is stakeholder, which identifies the most of import people into the command procedure and what their influences can be. Success factors identifies and ranks the critical suc cess factors on a winning command. The 4th subject, international athletics events in the Netherlands acknowledge if concerns, authorities, ( local ) community are all supportive and enthusiastic about hosting such an event in the Netherlands. The last subject of the interview will be the Improvements on the command procedure of international athletics events in the Netherlands. 2.3.1 Choice of participants Besides the inquiry list was made, a list of participants was created for carry oning interviews. This list is divided into two different groups: ( a ) athletics and ( B ) industry environment. Group A: athletics: This group exists of people active within the athletics universe and involved in command procedures for international athletics events. Group B: industry environment. This group exists of stakeholders, the corporate universe and other experts in the field of 2.3.2 Data aggregation Initial contact was needed before the interviews could take topographic point. All contacts were made by the research workers straight. The interviews were conducted via face to face and telephone, due the troubles for doing an assignment. The interviews were recorded with permission of the interviewee. The interviews were recorded due the fact that the research worker do non desire to lose of import quotation marks and miss of import reading. Besides, the informations analyse could be done more exactly because the research worker could listen more times to the interview. This to guarantee no of import or valuable information was lost. 2.3.3 Data analysis After each interview was conducted, the interview was converted into transcripts. It was non literally typed out, because non all information was relevant for the research. After carry oning the interviews, all the interviews were analyzed on replies on the sub inquiry. These replies were compared with the theoretical portion of the thesis. The informations coming from the interviews were used to back up or strength the theoretical informations. 2.4 Decision In this chapter the research methodological analysis was set out for carry oning research. It started with the account of the usage of primary and secondary informations. After, an account of the set up for the interviews and the participants. Continued with the manner the information was collected and analyzed. With this, theoretical and practical informations were compared and could give informations to reply the sub inquiries for this thesis. 3. Theoretical model 3.1 Introduction In this chapter I will show a reappraisal of the literature to research what has been researched and written sing my subject. The information will be used to acquire a better apprehension of the subject with research that has been conducted by researches. The result of the deepness interview can be compared with the theoretical informations to acquire a better understanding about the command procedure for an international athletics event. The information that already has been written on my subject, I will utilize it to acquire a better apprehension on my subject. The interviews with specific spouses will be used to compare theoretical informations with practical informations. Both can take to the best attack, which can be used for the command procedure. Due the deficiency of information and literature to the command procedure of international athletics events in the Netherlands, I will concentrate chiefly on the information found about command and forming athletics events. The chapter is divided into different subdivisions. First the term international athletics events will be described. Second the advantages that can be achieved by forming major events. Followed by the most of import factors that are of import to make a winning command. After this the factors of influence will be discussed. Last, the past experience of event command in the Netherlands will be described. 3.2 An international athletics event Literature describes these sorts of events as particular, mega, alone or major events ( Getz, 1997 ; Hall, 1995 ) . All events have an pulling international attending, short continuance and organized one-off or on a regular rhythm. To form such an international event, support from the ( local ) authorities of the host state is needed. With this support, the organisation can reconstitute the substructure, altering policies, etc. The international athletics events pull a batch of international attending, because it is broadcasted all over the universe with many witnesss. All of those factors are related to an international athletics event and that is the ground why researches define this as an international athletics event. Events like the Olympics, World Soccer, Tour de France and the Ryder Cup are illustrations of an international athletics event. 3.3 Value of hosting events The literature describes the value of organisation such a alone event as the Olympics, World Soccer, Tour de France and the Ryder Cup. The hosting state can see socio-economic and political benefits before, during and after the event ( Swart and Bob, 2004 ; Jones, 2001 ) . A twosome of benefits are effects on the societal community, coevals of grosss, development bowls and substructure, excess touristry, return touristry via experiences and media exposure, and other economical benefits ( Swart and Bob, 2004Getz, 1997 ; Hall, 1995 ) . Besides the exhilaration of being a host state, a batch of media exposure can convey positive returns to the hosting state, which offset initial investing made ( Du Plessis, 2007 ) . Hall ( 1992 ) has found in his research that states or metropoliss besides host international athletics events for hiking their image of the state or metropolis in order to develop the touristry. With this a metropolis or state wants to be a concern or touristry finish. Fore sts ( 2005 ) mentioned that the above steps touchable impacts could besides be intangible impacts. Social intangible impacts such as quality of life, civic pride and societal properties of communities could alter into a positive or negative manner for the host state or metropolis. Forests ( 2005 ) explained the touchable and intangible impacts in a diagram for host states. This can be found in appendix A. 3.4 Factors of Influence With the fact the more and more states are offering on athletics events, it is of import to cognize the complexness and alone environment of the athletics industry. Due the fact that there is a limited supply of athletics events, it of import to cognize which factors influences the command procedure. Emery ( 2002 ) concluded the increasing demand from metropoliss to host athletics events and suggest that there is a demand to find the advantages of a state into the command procedure. A bidder should work their ain strengths instead than the failing into rivals. Therefore, several researches came up with cardinal factors into a winning command. The six factors of Crockett ( 1994 ) are: part publicity, fiscal returns, location determination, professional presentation, demands of determination shapers and economic impact. Emery ( 2002 ) came up with the undermentioned factors: full apprehension of the brief and the formal/informal decision-making procedure ; professional credibleness ; m ake non presume that decision-makers are experts, or that they use rational standards for choice ; custom-making professional touchable and intangible products/services and transcending outlook and cognizing the strengths and failings of your command in comparison to your competition. The cardinal success factors for command on an international athletics event were divided into two different groups: primary standards and new primary standards by the researches Ingerson and Westerbeek ( 2000 ) . Primary standards can be seen as pressing necessities to host an international athletics event in a state or metropolis. These standards must run into the demands of the event proprietors. The standards were: economic, political, substructure, media and proficient. After their research they came up with new primary standards which were: command trade name equity, edifice dealingss, bequest, offering experience, warrant added value, offering experience, originative statistics and command squad composing. After new research in 2002 of Ingerson and Westerbeek and in add-on Turner more of import factors were found. They came up with the eight success factors needed to make a winning command to form an international athletics event. The eight success factors defined by these research workers are: substructure, relationship selling, answerability, political support, ability, command squad composing, bing installations, and communicating and exposure. In the event proprietor view the ability factor of the forming squad can be seen as a important factor in the determination doing procedure to give the right to the squad to host the athletics event. The ability factor can be divided in proficient expertness, event direction and sport-specific expertness to run the event ( Ingerson, Westerbeek and Turner, 2002 ) 3.4.1 Bid Team Emery ( 2002 ) concluded in his research that a command squad must understand the formal and informal procedures and these should non be underestimated. A command squad with a batch of experiences in forming little or big ( international ) athletics event is really ideal, but this can be overcome by choosing cardinal individuals to fall in the command squad. 3.4.2 Stakeholders The engagement of stakeholders is important in portion of the command procedure and is aimed at increasing effectivity of describing to do certain that determinations really reflected the diverse involvements of all different histrions involved ( Frey, Iraldo and Melis, 2007 ) . It is necessary that the command squad cooperate with the cardinal stakeholders in the execution of an international athletics event. This to guarantee that different policies are complementary alternatively of viing with one other. A strong base of people who are in favor is important to make a winning command but it takes many stakeholders to form an international athletics event. An illustration with different stakeholders in the command procedure of an international athletics event is ; Local community Political and concern leaders Sport event commission Sport federations ( local ) Government Support from concern community 3.4.2.1 Local community A important portion in the command procedure is the support of the local community. Without the support of the local community it is about impossible to form a successful international athletics event. A duologue between the command squad and the local community ( stakeholders ) is necessary to understand and analyse the impacts and jobs on the community. 3.4.2.2 Support Business support and/or public support is frequently indispensable for an international athletics event because of the big sum of the fiscal committedness ( Westerbeek, Turner A ; Ingerson, 2002 ) . Another indispensable factor is the big measures of voluntaries that is necessary in the organisation ( Emery, 2002 ) . The securing of an international athletics event from portion of a more comprehensive touristry, concern investing scheme or athletics development to show that the major event is widely accepted and accepted by the community as a whole. 3.4.2.3 Sport associations In the organisation procedure athletics federations, both at national every bit good as international degree are playing an of import function to make a winning command. At national degree the support of athletics federations are really of import in the command procedure. For illustration, to make a winning command for the Olympics in 2028 in Amsterdam support from the NOC*NSF ( Dutch Olympic Committee ) is necessary. On an international degree, support from the European athletics federation is critical in the command procedure like the UEFA ( European Football Association ) for the World Soccer Bid in 2018 in the Netherlands. 3.4.2.4 Government, provincial and local political relations The organisation commission has to understand the bureaucratism of the authorities, provincial and local political relations. Besides, they have to put in this relationship. The organisation of the athletics event will be guarantee that there is a desire and support of the ( local ) authorities to procure the international athletics event for their state and part. A authorities relation s expert can be of added value for a command squad and its political support. First of all support from politicals is of import for procuring important resources such as physical, fiscal and human resources. Second, the support is needed for political and fiscal stableness of the hosting state in relation to the longer-term ends and policies of the authorities that will lend to the quality of the athletics event ( Westerbeek, Turner A ; Ingerson, 2002 ) . 3.5 Bidding procedure The command procedure is for every international athletics event different. This can differ significantly, depending on the sort of event. There is a difference between command for the Olympic Games or World Cup Baseball. Emery ( 1997 ) concluded that there seems to be a generic command procedure which can be used for all sort of athletics events that require a command. The environment of an international athletics event is really complex and involves different elements: resource, organisational and proficient complexness ( Maylor, 1996 ) . Harmonizing to the research of Emery ( 2002 ) the command procedure will last minimally one twelvemonth with three different organisational phases ( figure 2 ) . First of wholly, the group willing to take part in the command procedure should acquire blessing of the local council. Second, the group should convert the national athletics federation by offering a competitory command, which will go the national command after the blessing. Finally, this national command will be offered to the international athletics commission and this should take to a winning command and therefore the right to host the international athletics event. Figure 2: Basic sum-up of major event organisation relationships and construction ( Emery, 2002 ) Within the three phases, the degree of resource committedness, bureaucratism and engagement of stakeholders rises. When the right to host the international athletics event is officially, the low degree contractors are responsible for the major hazards associated with the event ( Emery, 2002 ) . Getz ( 2001 ) came up with another theory were the focal point is on relationship selling of the command procedure ( figure 3 ) . This theoretical account described the factors that influence a command procedure and a winning scheme. It described the standards for the event proprietor and on the other side the factors that influence the event organisers. Those standards come together and ensue to the command procedure. This theoretical account with the two standards is influenced by different critical success factors. Figure 3: Event command procedure ( Getz, 2001 ) Appendixs Appendix A